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Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is a result of infection, irritation or damage. Cystitis is more common in pregnant women, active women and women after the menopause, but it can occur at any age. Most infections are caused by bacteria that live harmlessly in your bowel. Escherichia coli is the most common culprit but, in some cases, bacteria that live on your skin (such as Staphylococcus epidermis) can also cause infection if they get into the urethra. There are several types of cystitis first is bacterial cystitis. It is most often caused by coliform bacteria being transferred from the bowel through the urethra into the bladder. Second is interstitial cystitis is considered more of an injury to the bladder and rarely involves the presence of infection. Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition that affects an estimated 1 million Americans. While it can affect children and men, most of those affected are women. Interstitial cystitis can have a long-lasting adverse impact on your quality of life.Third is Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare form of cystitis that is diagnosed via biopsy and last hemorrhagic cystitis. This is seen most often in cancer patients as a complication of therapy. It occurs in women. Pus is present in the urine but no organism can be cultured in the urine.More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli , a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract .
Severity of symptoms caused by interstitial cystitis often fluctuates, and some people may experience periods of remission. Other possible symptoms include blood in the urine; backache, loin pain and lower abdominal aches; and feeling unwell. Once bacteria enter the bladder, they are normally removed through urination. When bacteria multiply faster than they are removed by urination, infection results. Cystitis usually begins when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra, the tube through which urine exits your body. From there, bacteria adhere to the bladder wall, and begin to multiply. Less commonly, bacteria can spread to the bladder from an infection in another part of the body. Risks for cystitis include obstruction of the bladder or urethra with resultant stagnation of urine, insertion of instruments into the urinary tract (such as catheterization or cystoscopy ), pregnancy , diabetes , HIV , and a history of analgesic nephropathy or reflux nephropathy. Sharp pain on passing urine, and an urgent and frequent need to pass urine often with little or no urine being passed are common symptoms.
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