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Hiccups also called is Singultus. Hiccups are sudden, involuntary contractions of the diaphragm muscle. Diaphragm barrier device is used to prevent pregnancy Hiccups is a large sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Hiccups appear to serve no purpose in humans or other mammals. Often, only one hemidiaphragm is affected. The left hemidiaphragm is affected in 80% of cases, although bilateral involvement may occur. Some people hiccup in response to alcohol or spicy foods and drinks. Stress and excitement also are possible instigators. Hiccups occur 4-60 times per minute until a certain number has been delivered. Typically, this is fewer than 4 or more than 30. The frequency is relatively constant for a given individual and varies inversely with arterial PCO 2 . Loudness and rapidity of hiccups are unrelated. Hiccups are more common in the evening and may continue for a few waking hours. Hiccups occur most frequently during the first half of the menstrual cycle, especially in the few days before menstruation, and decrease markedly during pregnancy. Hiccups occur at any age and in utero. Preterm infants spend up to 2.5% of their time hiccupping. Although hiccups occur less frequently with advancing age, intractable hiccups are more common in adult life. Females develop hiccups more frequently during early adulthood than males of the same age. Overall incidence of hiccups is equal between males and females; however, protracted and intractable hiccups occur more frequently in men (82% of cases). Persistent and intractable hiccups frequently are associated with an underlying pathological process and may induce significant morbidity.
Many conditions are associated with hiccups or many causes are associated with hiccups. First is abdominal surgery ,any disease or disorder that irritates the nerves that control the diaphragm (such as pleurisy or pneumonia ) ,hot and spicy foods or liquids ,noxious fumes amd stroke or tumor affecting the "hiccup center" in the brain. Typical causes include gastric distention (ie, food, alcohol, air), sudden changes in ambient or gastric temperature, and use of alcohol and/or tobacco in excess. Psychogenic causes (ie, excitement, stress) also may elicit hiccups. Sometimes preceded by a small tightening sensation in your chest, abdomen or throat, are the only signs and symptoms associated with hiccups. People may have as few as four hiccups a minute or, rarely, as many as 60 hiccups a minute. Three tpyes of hiccups.Premary is transient or acute hiccups-This is the most common form of hiccups. Transient hiccups include hiccup episodes that last less than 48 hours. Most bouts of transient hiccups last only a few minutes. Secondry is Persistent hiccups-These hiccups last longer than 48 hours, but less than a month and Third is Intractable hiccups- Hiccups fall into this category when they last more than two months. Treatment of hiccups is Medication. Several forms of medication may be effective for treating hiccups. The most commonly used is chlorpromazine (Thorazine). Other medications that may be helpful include metoclopramide (Reglan), anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines and baclofen (Lioresal). Carotid sinus massage-Carotid artery - a blood vessel that supplies blood to your brain - divides into its two main branches. Massage of your carotid sinus may help eliminate hiccups.
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